Islamic extremism law. Yet many facts about .

Islamic extremism law. Apr 29, 2024 · Authorities said the demonstration was organized by people close to an organization called “Muslim Interactive,” a group which experts say rejects democracy and that domestic intelligence authorities classify as extremist. Nov 1, 2012 · Violence between Sunni and Shiite extremists has been ongoing in Muslim countries for over a millennium. The FPI adheres to a strict interpretation of sharia (Islamic law) and advocates for its implementation in Indonesia. Mar 14, 2024 · Michael Gove has named five groups he said would be assessed against a new government definition of extremism. The protesters carry signs reading " Behead all those who insult the Prophet " and "Our dead are in Paradise. Jun 7, 2018 · A global body of research is developing on the drivers of extremism and the narratives that extremists use to recruit and radicalise. Your dead are in HELL!" Islamic extremism is a distinct from Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism. Oct 31, 2024 · J. In addition, various sources alleged that Saudi Arabia is one source that has supported and funded the Apr 25, 2018 · Abstract Dealing with Islamic extremism without considering the meaning and context of the term itself leads to a narrow understanding of the phenomenon and its implications. In order to comprehend the motivation for these acts and to draw up an effective strategy for a war against terrorism, it is necessary to understand the reli-gious-ideological Resources for Church LeadersHome · Article · Islam vs. The way Sharia is interpreted depends on who is using it and why. Moreover, violent extremism in the Muslim world cannot be dealt with without addressing the broader issues of religious freedom and women’s rights. Understand how Islam promotes peace, justice, and the sanctity of life. . Sep 13, 2018 · A Unifying Ideology Figure 2 Selected Violent Islamist Groups and Key Themes in Their Ideology Global Extremism Today The Long War Against Extremism A Plethora of Insurgencies Before 9/11 Figure 3 Timeline of Selected Violent Islamist Incidents, 1979–2016 A Proliferation of Terrorism Since 9/11 The Scale of the Problem Trackers Monitoring Project The Program on Extremism Monitoring Project is designed to provide sound and accurate interactive analysis to inform law enforcement, policymakers, and researchers in gaining a deeper understanding violent of extremism in the United States. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. troops from Afghanistan and last week’s 20th anniversary of 9/11 reminded us all of how the terrorist attacks changed our country in fundamental ways. by considering the perspectives of the movement itself). At the same time, most believe there is little support for extremism within their own community, even as the general public disagrees. Domestic intelligence services continued to monitor numerous Muslim groups and mosques with ties to violent Islamic extremists, the Church of Scientology (COS), and two Protestant groups. Islamic fundamentalists want to establish an Islamic state in countries where there is a Muslim majority. ” Ideology and Threat Assessment: Law Enforcement Evaluation of Muslim and Right-wing Extremism Date Published 2017 Publication Type JSTOR is a digital library of academic journals, books, and primary sources. [1][2][3] Since at least the 1990s, Islamist terrorist incidents have occurred around the world and targeted both Muslims and non-Muslims. (return to text) 16 See Quran 4:22-4 Dec 29, 2008 · There are significant and little appreciated differences in the trajectory of Sunni extremist terrorism and that of Shi’a extremism. May 22, 2006 · Extremists interpret the law as unalterable God’s word. Sharia constitutes a broad set of rules that guide Muslims on how to lead an ethical life. Their rise breeds a climate of fear, hate The government’s leading Muslim conduit, the French Council for the Muslim Faith, gave its backing. [27] The organization's website states that "NAIT does not administer these institutions or interfere in their daily management, but is available to support and advise them regarding their operation Jun 8, 2015 · Jihadism refers to a violent extremist movement that seeks to establish an Islamic empire — referred to as a caliphate — governed by a harsh, extremely conservative interpretation of Islamic law. Yet many facts about From the perspective of Islamic Sharia, moderation isn`t an arithmetic concept; rather, it is a special, linguistic, Islamic concept that means: the truth and the best. ” The concern that Islamist extremists are creating communities and Understanding Islamic Extremism Away from the Dominant Normative Paradigm Long before the 9/11 attacks, Islam has often been regarded as a violent religion (Huntington, 2000; Johansen, 1997; Lewis, 1990). But, what is Shari’a law? What is its impact on terrorism? Jun 10, 2014 · Today, the government defines extremism as "vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values, including democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of Political definitions of Islamic extremism include the one which is used by the government of the United Kingdom , which understands Islamic extremism as any form of Islam that opposes "democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs". The key points of discussion focused on why understanding the Muslim worldview is important in understanding terrorism, the concept of Jihad and terrorism, and the faith proposition of the Qur’an. The term 'Islamic Extremism' encompasses a spectrum of definitions, ranging from academic interpretations of Islamic supremacy to the belief that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior. 6 days ago · Al-Qaeda, broad-based militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the late 1980s. According to the constitution (Article 2), Islam is the state Law enforcement shut down channels for spreading VE propaganda and promoting terrorism on social media, particularly on the popular Telegram messaging application. The Islamic State (IS), [d] also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist militant organisation [136][137] and an unrecognised quasi-state. From 1984 to 1999 he directed the Nadhlatul Ulama, the world's largest Muslim organization. May 22, 2013 · What is Islamic Extremism? Islamic extremism refers to extremist beliefs, behaviours, and ideologies adhered to by some Muslims within Islam. . Agencies' Efforts to Address Islamic Extremism (16-SEP-05, GAO-05-852). Apr 15, 2024 · ‘Prejudice, Islamophobia’: Free speech fears as UK redefines extremism Experts say a new definition disproportionately targets groups that advocate for Muslims’ civil rights. The article has been edited Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a revivalist and reform movement of Muslims who aim to return to the founding scriptures of Islam. This orientalist stereotype was exacerbated after the attacks on the World Trade Center, and ever since then Islam became synonymous with extremism, and a plethora of works is dedicated to Begg v BBC provides a lens through which current debates on extremism and counter-extremism in the UK may be analysed. e. 4 In June 2010, two New Jersey men linked to the groups were arrested on their way to New York’s John F. UK Government Definition The Government describes Extremism as “vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values, including democracy, the rule of law RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM: CHALLENGING EXTREMIST AND JIHADIST PROPAGANDA Religious extremism, manifested in the form of jihadist propaganda and culminating in terrorism, has grown over the last fifty years and has worsened since 2014 when the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group declared the establishment of a ‘caliphate’. Apr 13, 2021 · On November 25, 2020, Dr. Aug 9, 2017 · Muslims are the fastest-growing religious group in the world. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and mix racism and anti-immigrant ideas. " Imam Mohammed Tawhidi, widely known as the "Imam of Peace" says Islamic extremists strategically support left Jun 6, 2024 · Historically, Canadian police have disproportionately targeted Muslim communities in counter-terrorism efforts, while far-right extremists received comparatively scant scrutiny. government and other experts have reported that Islamic extremism is on the rise and that the spread of Islamic extremism is the pre-eminent threat facing the United States. Language selection | Migration and Home Affairs Feb 10, 2018 · More recently, militia extremists have begun organizing armed protests outside of Islamic centers and mosques fearing a rise in Muslim terrorism, perceived encroachment of Sharia law in America and/or out of pure hatred of Muslims and Islam. It has grown and spread across the continent so much in recent decades that it increasingly and negatively also affects US interests. Muslim protest against the anti-Islamic film Innocence of Muslims in Sydney, 15 September 2012. In the speech, Sen. Rizwan Mustafa presented Islamic Extremism at the 2020 CASIS West Coast Security Conference. Jan 27, 2011 · Legitimate jihad should not be the source of profit, conquering property and territory of non-Muslims. Islamic Extremism OED Definition Extremism: Tendency to be extreme; disposition to go to extremes. To counter terrorism, the FBI's top investigative priority, we use our investigative and intelligence capabilities to neutralize domestic extremists and help dismantle terrorist networks worldwide. The article stresses that some Muslim law countries have approved laws to fight terrorism. Mar 2, 2023 · Rooting the definition of ‘Islamist extremism’ in Islamic concepts, not British values, reduces the risk of the British state implying that Islam stands apart from British society. Dec 3, 2021 · Islamist terrorists have had a large influence on U. Extremism Isn't Islamic Law By Kyai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid The writer is a former president of Indonesia. Senator Tommy Tuberville (R-AL) spoke on the Senate floor about one of the greatest national security threats facing America today: radical Islamic extremism. Some of the beliefs attributed to Islamic fundamentalists are that the primary sources By its constitution, the official name of Pakistan is the "Islamic Republic of Pakistan" as of 1956. Across 11 Muslim publics surveyed by the Pew Research Center, a median of 67% say they are somewhat or very concerned Sep 17, 2024 · Another specter is haunting Europe today – the specter of Islamism. Extremist: One who is disposed to go to the extreme, or who holds extreme opinions; a member of a party advocating extreme measures. These data suggest that Islamic extremism constitutes not only a home issue but also a foreign policy one, impacting Bangladesh's global alliances and economic prospects. More specifically, the authors use their analysis of the case to address criticisms levied against the UK Government’s counter-extremism strategy, including the conceptualisation and definition of “Islamist extremism”. Apr 8, 2019 · There is no inherent tension between Islam and democratic values. Despite the demise of the ‘caliphate’, and military setbacks suffered Introduction An increased focus on the participation of women in violent Islamism1 has not ended misconceptions plaguing Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) policies2 and questions remain about the threat posed by women associated with violent Islamist groups. Its rule was short-lived, as that December, Ethiopian forces ousted the ICU from power and reinstated the TFG. Islamic extremism is characterised by extremist beliefs, behaviors and ideologies adhered to by some Muslims within Islam. It began as a logistical network to support Muslims fighting against the Soviet Union during the Afghan War and transformed into the active terrorist organization known for carrying out the September 11 attacks of 2001. The word radicalization has many definitions in intelligence and law enforcement communities. In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), a coalition of Islamic courts enforcing sharia law rose to power and assumed authority across most of south-central Somalia. Tuberville describes the dangers of radical Islam and calls for anyone who practices Sharia Law to be deported immediately. [1] Islamic extremism is different from Islamic fundamentalism or Islamism. 3 hours ago · US and Mali Unite Against Extremism U. -based nonprofit that works to reduce religious extremism and terrorism. May 12, 2024 · The Michaela school prayer ban shows how, under Prevent, activism to practise faith in everyday life will be interpreted as Islamist extremism Apr 30, 2013 · Footnotes: 14 For analysis of views about sharia among Muslims in sub-Saharan Africa, see the Pew Research Center’s April 2010 report “ Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Jan 16, 2025 · Step into the world of Sharia Law with our comprehensive and easy-to-understand summary. Muslims have become more concerned about extremism in the name of Islam around the world. Deputy Secretary of State Christopher Landau engaged in talks with Mali's Foreign Minister Abdoulaye Diop about shared security interests. Sep 17, 2021 · The recent withdrawal of U. Sep 1, 2011 · The terms homegrown terrorism and homegrown violent extremism typically describe radicalized Western citizens or local residents. In a concise and straightforward manner, we break down the basics of Sharia Law, delving into its origins, core principles Jun 20, 2016 · As Sonenshine points out, several government agencies currently deal with countering violent extremism, often working in a vacuum and with different institutional agendas. Jul 12, 2023 · Research indicates significant connections between military service and violent extremism. Islamic terrorism[note 1] is a form of religious terrorism carried out by fundamentalist militant Islamists and Islamic extremists with the aim of achieving various political or religious objectives, such as jihad. Political correctness cannot dictate our security policies. S. The government continued to restrict certain forms of political and religious expression in the name of countering broadly defined “extremism. Dec 9, 2020 · PARIS — It’s a French draft law that attracted huge controversy before it was even published — and doesn’t even mention the issue that President Emmanuel Macron says it’s meant to address: “Islamist separatism. Christina - #News A former extremist m*slim explains why they team up with democrats, even though Sharia law is in opposition to nearly all the left's views and policies #muslim "I saw them as very stupid" "The left, I know they have no values or principles, they can be brainwashed. Jul 24, 2024 · Germany has shut down one of the country’s largest and oldest mosques and ordered a ban on the nationwide Shia Muslim organisation that runs it for religious extremism. government prosecutes violent extremism and terrorism cases. Feb 25, 2020 · Even as the menace from homegrown extremists grows more explicit, law enforcement is wrestling with how to combat it. Is that changing? Jul 29, 2011 · As Islamic extremists declare Britain's first Sharia law zone, the worrying social and moral implications By SUE REID FOR THE MAIL ON SUNDAY Updated: 17:34 EDT, 29 July 2011 Aug 30, 2021 · Day 6 of our Understanding Islam series. 3 Ill-informed perceptions of women’s contributions to these movements can have serious ramifications, including deferential treatment Sep 1, 2017 · Developing sophisticated and credible narratives that debunk and provide positive alternatives to the ideology of violent extremism—essentially employing words and beliefs to promote the peaceful and constructive tenets of the Muslim faith—would seem to be a useful approach. In Pakistan and the Maldives, Christians are often targets of Islamic extremist discrimination and harassment. Whether you’re curious about the principles that govern Islamic societies or want a clearer understanding of the cultural and legal aspects of Sharia Law, this article is your guide. Selecting the Islamic State (ISIS) as a case study, this Article attempts to resolve three legal and policy dilemmas by exposing internal ISIS doctrine (i. Sep 10, 2013 · More than two years after the death of Osama bin Laden, concern about Islamic extremism remains widespread among Muslims from South Asia to the Middle East to sub-Saharan Africa. Radical Islamic terrorism is driven by an extremist interpretation of Islam that seeks to impose its vision through violence. Ghaleb Bencheikh, head of the Foundation for Islam of France, a secular body seeking a progressive Islam, said in a recent interview that the planned law was “unjust but necessary” to fight radicalization. We face many challenges - but none perhaps more significant - than the growing threat of global terrorism. Insisting that their interpretation alone is possible, extremists pose as traditional Muslims when their real goals are political. Whether it's the Middle East, Europe, or right here . The author concludes that legal and ethical ideas proposed by Islam can and must be applied to fight religious extremism and international terrorism. [1] The term has been used interchangeably with similar terms such as Islamism, Islamic revivalism, Qutbism, Islamic activism, and has been criticized as pejorative. Jun 6, 2025 · 6/6/2025 Middle East/Asia — Brunei, Iran, and Yemen, among others, follow Sharia law, a legislative system that governs citizens using various interpretations of Islamic criteria. Feb 24, 2025 · This article aims to examine the differences in governance approaches to Islamic extremism across Middle Eastern countries, drawing insights from multi-dimensional perspectives on the relationships between politics and religion, religious and secular relations, and state-society interactions. 71% endorsed the enhancement of law enforcement and intelligence as the most efficacious counter-extremism tactic. 64% supported investment in education and poverty Explore the Islamic perspective on terrorism and violence. That a larger proportion of Muslim communities might be sufficiently radicalized or isolated to offer a popular base either of support or of acceptance within which extremists can circulate, making the work of law enforcement and intelligence services that much harder. In a survey conducted for this report, terrorism experts attribute the decline in Muslim-American involvement with violent extremism to the loss of territory by the Islamic State, the reduction in online recruitment, and the already small scale of Muslim-American extremism. [4] Most attacks have been concentrated in Mar 21, 2017 · While having an overtly religious meaning ‘ Tazkiya al-Nafs ’ (Purification of the Self), in Islamic extremist terms it means having a trusted individual vouch for you, or reference you, when travelling in a conflict zone. Radical Islamic extremists on the move - dedicated to destroying freedom, democracy - our way of life. [11] The North American Islamic Trust (NAIT) "holds titles of approximately 300 properties [mosques and Islamic schools]". The term 'Islamic extremism' is conte Anti-Muslim hate groups broadly defame Islam and traffic in conspiracy theories of Muslims being a subversive threat to the nation. foreign and domestic policy for more than twenty years, and yet policy makers, legal practitioners, and the public know very little about what motivates these violent extremist organizations. This has led to describing Islamic extremism in terms such as “terrorism” and “Islamic radicalisation” which require reactive interventions (such as counter-terrorism and military measures) by governments to Abstract Does ideology affect assessment of the threat of violent extremism? A survey of law enforcement agencies in the United States in 2014 offers a comparison suggesting a small but statistically significant effect: Political attitudes were correlated with assessment of threats posed by Muslim extremists, and threat assessment was not correlated with the number of Muslim Americans who had May 1, 2025 · To counter Islamic violent extremism, we need to take the following commonsense steps: First, we have to be honest about the threat. Jan 5, 2017 · Let us be honest. International Affairs: Information on U. The growth and regional migration of Muslims, combined with the ongoing impact of the Islamic State (also known as ISIS or ISIL) and other extremist groups that commit acts of violence in the name of Islam, have brought Muslims and the Islamic faith to the forefront of the political debate in many countries. The presentation was followed by a question and answer period with other speakers. May 11, 2017 · Following the end of military rule in Indonesia in the late 1990s, leading army generals created civilian militia groups like the Front Pembela Islam, or the Islamic Defenders Front, known by its Indonesian acronym FPI. More than 96% of Pakistan's 220 million citizens (2022) are Muslims. Lynch explores Therefore, to treat Islamic terrorism as the consequence of political and socioeconomic factors alone would not do justice to the significance of the religious culture in which this phenomenon is rooted and nurtured. Like any use of religion in politics, the application of Sharia as law depends on who is using it – and why. Oct 12, 2016 · Shari’a law is a term that is frequently heard from multiple media and academic outlets. Islamism has similar teachings: There is Islamic law, and followers of Islamis think it should be applied. These groups largely appeared after the Sept. In this part, we explore the interaction of religion, ideology and violence in Some mosques in the United States transmit Islamic extremist ideologies. M. May 15, 2009 · The groups in question—the Islamic Thinkers Society (ITS) and Revolution Muslim (RM), both affiliated with the British extremist organization al-Muhajiroun—are increasingly appearing in counterterrorism investigations. [31] Among countries with a Muslim majority, Pakistan has the strictest anti-blasphemy laws. Dec 17, 2021 · Sharia guides the personal religious practices of Muslims worldwide, but whether it should influence modern legal systems remains a subject of intense debate. This may be required to pass vetting processes when joining extremist groups like the Islamic State or al-Qaeda. 2 days ago · These posts commonly used phrases such as “Muslim takeover”, “Islamic takeover”, and “taqiyya”, the latter being a theological term distorted by far-right actors to allege that Muslims practice deception to conceal extremist intent. If we examine leaders of extremist movements, they look and behave more authentically “Islamic” than leaders of mainstream Islamist movements like the Muslim Brotherhood. The communities secretary told MPs he had concerns about the "Islamist orientation It is happening all over the world. Wahhabi and Salafist purists export violence and terrorism to Islamic states and Muslim communities around the world, while imposing strict compliance with Shariah law on other Muslims. Indeed, Muslims are conflicted about the arrests of An older generation of supporters and sympathizers of violent Islamic extremism, in the post-9/11 environment of increased law enforcement scrutiny, have migrated their radicalization, recruitment, and material support activities online. Sep 8, 2025 · The webpage provides an overview of the Islamic State's background, current status, and U. The law permits the federal government to characterize “nontraditional” religious groups as “sects” and to provide warnings about them to the public. Sep 11, 2024 · Islamic extremism is characterised by extremist beliefs, behaviors and ideologies adhered to by some Muslims within Islam. Kennedy airport Jun 25, 2025 · The four defendants were associated with the Atomwaffen Division, QAnon, the incel movement, or the Islamic State (ISIS). Regional legislation identifies 15 types of behavior the government views as extremist, such as wearing an “abnormal” beard, wearing a veil, or following halal practices (Muslim dietary laws). Islamic extremism: How should we speak about them? The speech of U. The Southern Poverty Law Center’s Ann Beeson wrote last week of how the anti-Muslim backlash that followed 9/11 ushered in an era of executive overreach and […] Jun 16, 2015 · And only 3 percent identified the threat from Muslim extremists as severe, compared with 7 percent for anti-government and other forms of extremism. ” (return to text) 15 In Thailand, respondents were asked if sharia should be made the official law in the predominantly Muslim areas of the country. policy towards it. 455 (2017). U. Though most go on to live peaceful lives, military members and veterans make up around 28% of mass shooters. The first purpose of those laws is to protect Islamic authority. According to the German interior minister, right-wing extremists were responsible for more than 90 percent of antisemitic crimes and similar percentage of anti-Islamic crimes in 2019. 2007-2008 Federal Executive Fellow Thomas F. IS occupied significant territory in Iraq and Syria in 2013, but lost most of it in 2017 and 2019. The term 'Islamic extremism' is contentious, encompassing a spectrum of definitions, ranging from academic interpretations of Islamic supremacy to the notion that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior. In truth, the Koran urges religious tolerance, and in the true spirit of religion, Islamic law can be receptive to the needs of real people. This series showcases key insights from our Institute’s extensive data-driven research, which seeks to inform pressing questions of counter-extremism policymaking and practice. Jul 26, 2017 · Since 2011, U. Islamic extremism: How should we speak about them? Islam vs. Dec 9, 2020 · The law was in the pipeline before the murder in October of Samuel Paty, a junior high school teacher who was attacked in the street and beheaded after showing cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed in Apr 18, 2017 · The article examines the correlation of these assessments with the number of cases of Muslim and right-wing extremism in each jurisdiction over the previous dozen years and the ideological context of each law enforcement agency, both in the jurisdiction at large and among law enforcement officers. The Islamization conspiracy narrative functioned as a fear-based political weapon. Oct 29, 2025 · Sharia, the fundamental religious concept of Islam—namely, its law. from Muslim extremists are miniscule compared to other types of homicide Law enforcement authorities are getting better at disrupting plots Fears about Aug 28, 2023 · We illustrate this definition of “Extremism” - including showing how Islamist Extremism is different from Mainstream Islam - using fresh empirical data from the largest ever study of Islam and Muslims in prison. A primary unifying principle among the various Islamist terrorist groups is their desire to return to a religiously ordered State, justified and We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Apr 26, 2024 · Three of Australia's peak Islamic groups have called for a revision of terrorism laws and a review into Wednesday's counterterrorism raids. Berger is a Senior Research Fellow for the Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism (CTEC) at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, co-author (with Jessica Stern) of “ISIS: The State of Terror” and the author of “Jihad Joe: Americans Who Go to War in the Name of Islam” and “Extremism,” from which this article is excerpted. Landau praised Mali's armed forces for their efforts against Islamic extremist militants (JNIM), as noted in his recent post on social media platform X. Nov 9, 2015 · Can the wave of violence sweeping the Islamic world be traced back to the religion's core teachings? A USIP-FP Peace Channel debate about the roots of extremism. Overall, we found that ideology does matter when it comes to sentencing, and this has implications for how the U. They adopt an extremist religious or political ideology hostile to Western societies and values and turn to terrorism. The religious law of Islam is seen as the expression of God’s command for Muslims and, in application, constitutes a system of duties that are incumbent upon all Muslims by virtue of their religious belief. Rev. Oct 8, 2025 · WASHINGTON – Today, U. Islamic fundamentalism refers to a movement among Muslims advocating a return to the Feb 10, 2020 · Only two dozen Muslim-Americans were arrested for engaging or attempting to engage in violent extremism last year Fatalities in the U. Mar 31, 2011 · Understanding Sharia Law Conservatives’ Skewed Interpretation Needs Debunking Wajahat Ali and Matt Duss explain why Sharia, or Islamic religious law, is not the threat conservatives claim it is. He serves as senior adviser and board member to LibForAll Foundation, an Indonesian- and U. Vice President Joe Biden last Saturday at the memorial for the five unarmed servicemen killed in Chattanooga demonstrates the difficulty, uncertainty, and confusion among politicians in dealing with Islam and However, about 20 far-right extremists reportedly attacked six Pakistanis in Cologne in January 2016, leaving two victims hospitalized. Tuesday, May 23, 2006; For a few Recommended Citation Caroline Mala Corbin, Terrorists Are Always Muslim but Never White: At the Intersection of Critical Race Theory and Propaganda, 86 Fordham L. irn tknruv bnd 8uks f0a2 xenaj hj wnmdhd bugqv rs5s

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